Update: Tracking of Real Algorithmic Harms in California as CCPA Enforcement Begins

As part of our project Assessing the Assessments—supported by the Rose Foundation—EPIC has continued to track instances of specific AI harms to consumers relevant to enforcement of the California Consumer Privacy Act. These examples are listed below with the setting and application of the system, a real illustration of the harm that occurred, and what types of harm are done to consumers. EPIC has previously tracked these types of harms under its ongoing Assessing the Assessments project and will continue to track them in the future.

These examples draw on two taxonomies of AI harms to describe the types of harms done: 

1. Danielle Citron’s and Daniel Solove’s Typology of Privacy Harms, comprising physical, economic, reputational, psychological, autonomy, discrimination, and relationship harms; and 
2. Joy Buolamwini’s Taxonomy of Algorithmic Harms, comprising loss of opportunity, economic loss, and social stigmatization, including loss of liberty, increased surveillance, stereotype reinforcement, and other dignitary harms. 

These taxonomies do not necessarily cover all potential AI harms. EPIC uses these taxonomies to help readers visualize and contextualize AI harms without limiting the types and variety of AI harms that readers consider.

While these examples are focused on California, examples of the effects of an AI system in one jurisdiction will often apply to other states and countries as well.